Water Diuresis in Man Practical Report Essay

INTRODUCTION The body needs to maintain equilibrium to function properly in everyday life. The most important substance it must regulate is water; water is everywhere in our body and its balance is essential for proper body function. A very carefully regulated process is solute concentration. If there is a sudden increase in water which enters the extracellular fluid, sodium ions will then contribute less to the extracellular solute concentration as the ratio between water and solute has now changed. Osmolality is the amount of solute in a kilogram, hence the osmolality in the extracellular space has also decreased. Water diuresis is the increase in urinary water excreted with little or no change in the solute excretion. Excess water needs to be excreted to maintain a good balance of water and solute inside the body. The aim of this practical is to test the effects of strenuous exercise and desmopressin (anti-diuretic hormone) on urine flow and urine sodium concentration. We will be testing the hypotheses that vigorous exercise will decrease urine flow and increase urine sodium concentration, whereas desmopressin will have the opposite effect of decreased urine flow and increased sodium concentration. Use the class data (refer to the appropriate figures in your discussion). (a) What happens to the rate of urine production (i.e. urine flow) for the three procedures (i.e. control, desmopressin and exercise)? Use your knowledge of statistics to evaluate the evidence that the responses after the treatments (i.e. desmopressin and exercise) differed from that in the control subjects. Explain the following (including the underlying mechanisms): i. why there is a delay in the onset of the diuresis after water loading in the control subject (A); ii. the effects of administered desmopressin on the diuresis (subject B); iii. the mechanisms by which a single session of vigorous exercise affects the diuresis produced by the water load (subject C). After drinking water, the control and test subjects had gradual increase of urine flow, reaching a peak then decreasing again, whereas the desmopressin subject had decreased urine flow after taking the hormone, thereafter plateauing. According to the Dunnett’s t test between the urine flow of the subjects, the urine flow of the treatment subjects was significantly different to that of the control. There is a delay in the onset of diuresis after loading in the control subject as it takes time for the water to be filtered in the body. Water is absorbed from the gut into the extracellular fluid. Osmoreceptors from the posterior pituitary detect the water through cell stretch and initiate responses that control ADH secretion (Widmaier et al., 2014). Fluids are filtered through the kidneys and the excess water is transported to the bladder where it will then be excreted. Desmopressin decreases the urine volume excreted. Desmopressin is a synthetic substitute  for anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water. Due to increased water reabsorption, diuresis (urine volume) is decreased. A single session of vigorous exercise sharply decreases the urine flow and hence, diuresis. During exercise, you lose sodium and water by sweating so the kidney works to reabsorb the water so you are not dehydrated. This results in more concentrated urine. (b) If a control subject was dehydrated at the beginning of the practical class, how would you expect this to affect their response to the water load? They would retain some of the water and hence would have decreased urine excretion compared to someone who is well hydrated. (c) What effect does alcohol have on water diuresis? What is the mechanism of the action of alcohol on a water diuresis? Alcohol inhibits the pituitary secretion of ADH, which acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water. Because ADH levels drop, the kidneys do not reabsorb as much water and hence produce more urine, causing increased water diuresis. (d) Use the class graphs and statistical analysis of the urine sodium concentration to determine if this is different for the control and desmopressin subjects. Do you think there a relationship between urine flow and the urine sodium concentration? According to the statistical analysis, the difference between the control and desmopressin subjects for sodium urine concentration were significantly different. Looking at the class graphs, this is also true; the graph values vary significantly. There seems to be an inverse relationship between urine flow and urine sodium concentration. When the urine flow is high, the urine sodium concentration is relatively low and vice versa. (e) Use the class graphs and statistical analysis of the sodium excretion rate to determine if this is different for the control and desmopressin subjects. Do you think there a relationship between urine flow and the sodium excretion rate? According to the statistical analysis, the sodium excretion rate for the control and desmopressin subjects are not significantly different. This can also be seem from the class graphs; they  follow similar values. There does not seem to be a high correlation between urine flow and sodium excretion rate. After taking desmopressin, the subjects’ sodium secretion rate is similar to the control’s, however, the urine flow is noticeably decreased after drinking water. Looking at the exercise subjects, their sodium excretion is lower than the other subjects after drinking water, however their urine flow after a few samples is significantly increased. (f)Complete the following table: Stimulus Type/Site of Receptors ADH Response Physiological response on Urine Volume Physiological response on Blood Volume Increased osmolality (dehydration) Osmoreceptors High ADH levels Decreased Decreased Decreased osmolality Osmoreceptors Low ADH levels Increased Increased Increased blood volume Baroreceptors Decreased ADH secretion Increased Increased Decreased blood volume Barereceptors Increased ADH secretion Decreased Decreased CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that strenuous exercise decreases urine flow and hence will increase the concentration of urine. Desmopressin decreased urine flow and due to this increased water excretion, also decreased the concentration of urine. REFERENCES: Widmaier, EP, Raff, H & Strang, KT (2014). Vander’s Human Physiology. The Mechanisms of Body Function. MCGraw Hill, Chapter 14, page 499.

“After twenty years” by O. Henry Essay

The short story â€Å"After twenty years† is a classical story written by O. Henry. The story is about the two characters that were actually best of friends. They grew up in New York until lost sight of each other. One of them leave the place and tried to live in West to make easy money, thus he ended up being a criminal in Chicago while the other man felt that his place in his hometown is better and he ended up as a policeman. The two friends made a promise that after twenty years both of them will meet again at the same restaurant for the purpose of knowing each achievements that they have done after those years. those years. The story began at the specific place of their appointed place and time. It is nearly 10 o’clock at night and really dark out there. A policeman making his rounds, rattling door knobs to make sure everything is secure on his beat. In the doorway of a hardware store that is closed, he comes across a man who has an unlit cigar in his mouth. Before the officer can begin to question him, the man assures him that he is not a burglar that he is merely waiting for a friend. He goes on to light his cigar and tell the officer why he and his friend are meeting at such a dark and desolate place. The man, who is Bob, told him that he was waiting for a friend he has not seen for twenty years. Years before he and his friend had agreed to meet at the very spot to discuss how their life had turned out. The man keeps on telling to the policeman how his life turned out good that he actually became rich and successful. Talking about his best friend, he told the policeman that Jimmy will never fail to appear in their agreement for he has been a constant good companion. After saying all these to the policeman, the latter dismisses himself. Twenty minutes after the policeman left, another man went to greet his friend Bob. Both of them cheered and make themselves comfortable with each other as they try to unleash the gap on their acquaintance. Shortly, as they approach the front door of the drug store, Bob realizes that this man is not his old friend Jimmy as his nose looks completely different. After the confronting scenario, it turns out that the man has just pretended to be Jimmy and that Bob has under arrest for ten minutes. The man then gives a note to Bob explaining that the first patrolman had been Jimmy and that he went because he did not have the nerve to arrest his old friend, s o he had left before he  could be recognized and found a plainclothes officer to arrest him. Friendship is at the heart of â€Å"After Twenty Years.† The character who does the most talking, Bob, seems to be indisputably fervent about seeing his old friend Jimmy. He speaks glowingly about what a great friend Jimmy was and relates that he has travelled across the country, over a thousand miles, to see him again. However, the story is indeed quite of surprise especially at the conclusion where it greatly shows how Jimmy Wells portrayed a noble act both to the law and to his friend. I find him loyal in coming to the arranged appointment with his friend and in apprehending into the law where he took an oath to serve in just and humane way. The conflict indeed is between Jimmy and his inner being where he was stocked in a very sensitive situation. Either he will let Bob go away and forget the crime he has done or arrest him and stay true to his society under his duty. It seems very impossible but the dilemma has solved well on a clever decision of Jimmy. Moreover, the scene where Jimmy sends another man to arrest Bob is my favourite part. Although, it was difficult for him I view this as an act of courtesy to Bob. It simply shows how strong their sentimental bond is. Jimmy also shows great sympathy and honour to his friend despite of the circumstances. Life is indeed unpredictable. You cannot deeply fathom how things really work on its unique way. Sometimes people turn bad and sometimes others were naturally made good. However life is once again a matter of choice. What happened to Bob’s career and future was primarily his choice and Jimmy couldn’t do about it. On the other hand, Jimmy Wells made a good catch in himself as he remained in his hometown, got a noble job and performed well in realizing his duty. Thus, he never compromises the built friendship between him and Bob. After all a choice can be good or the other way around. One may choose to follow a good path by working on the side of the law and the other may choose to follow a bad path by breaking the law. The most important thing is you did the very thing that God wants you to do and I felt it in the story. Jimmy did a right thing and he solved the dilemma well. The last part of the story which is a note for Bob really moved me. His note is terse and offers no apology for having Bob arrested, but that is the best that Jimmy can do when he and a man who was once his best friend are on opposite sides of the law.

How Did the 1960's Change America Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Did the 1960's Change America - Term Paper Example In the years between 1955 and 1968, Martin Luther King took certain steps that changed the status of the blacks. He said, â€Å"Faith is taking the first step, even when you don’t see the whole staircase† (King cited in â€Å"Martin Luther King†). Martin Luther King’s efforts came to a stop in the year 1968 because he was murdered in this year during a protest in Tennessee. However, his dreams did not die with him. Another very important revolutionary political factor of the 1960s was John F Kennedy’s presidential term. He said, â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do or your country† (Kennedy cited in â€Å"Ask not what†). This quote served as a potential drive for the youngsters to join the armed forces. John F Kennedy was among the four presidents in the history of the USA who were murdered. However, it was not until the assassination of John F Kennedy that the American presidents were provided with a pol ice force specifically for their protection. John F Kennedy participated in three events of huge significance in the history of the USA, which include the crisis of the Cuban Missile, the American Civil Rights Movement, and the construction of the Berlin Wall. Much of the USA’s status today can be attributed to the presidential term of John F Kennedy. Vietnam War, which is one of the most important wars in the history of the USA also took place during the 1960s. ... Regarding the Vietnam War, it was said, â€Å"Our resistance will be long and painful, but whatever the sacrifices, however long the struggle, we shall fight to the end, until Vietnam is fully independent and reunified† (Minh cited in Patrick). 1960s were very important for a change in the entertainment industry in the USA. Barbie Doll was the first toy that became available to the children in 1960. This inculcated an urge in the boys to have some toys of their own as there were some for the girls as well. This laid the basis of the creation of such other toys as the trolls as GI Joe. The development of these toys led to the creation of a whole range of toys that have today become the insignia of the American entertainment industry. Toys created then are still in use by children not only in the USA, but also elsewhere in the world. The social status of the USA has been greatly influenced by the culture of the Hippies that prevailed in the 1960s. Hippies were recognized as peop le who wanted the spread of love and peace. Their agenda was to create peace in the society as hundreds of thousands of people were losing their lives in the Vietnam War. Another important reason for this cause was the racism that had started to surface as a result of the changed social status of the blacks in the USA. Racism against the blacks was another very important social change of that time. Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. were among the people who have fought a lot against racism. Concluding, there were a number of political and social factors that emerged in the 1960s that changed the USA and made it what she is today. The American society experienced a big change since the 1960s with the Dream

Movie What's Eating Gilbert Grape Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What's Eating Gilbert Grape - Movie Review Example The movie portrays that there are a number of issues relating to the nature of the 'difficulties' or 'retardation' in individuals of low ability, sometimes known as the 'delay versus deviance debate'. Following Lustig (1999) that is, are those without and those with learning difficulties following the same developmental trajectory, but with the 'retarded' individual doing so at a slower rate; also, will 'retarded' individuals reach a lower ceiling, or are there qualitative differences in the paths they are. Challenging behavior is not a transient phenomenon. Many people show such behavior throughout their lives. Challenging behavior includes physical assault upon others, the most frequent example, damage to the environment, self-injury, severe noncompliance, persistent screaming, pica, public masturbation, inappropriate sexual behavior and recurrent vomiting (Vanderschie-Bezyak 2003). The analysis of Arnie's behaviour allows to say that mental retardation is characterized by subaverage general intellectual functioning which has originated before the age of 16 years and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior manifest as: (1) delayed maturation, (2) slowness in learning, and (3) social adjustment. The whole classification had three parts, clinical, behavioral and intellectual. The clinical section was introduced into hospital practice. This statement, although relating specifically to mental capacity can equally be applied to all interactions that health care professionals have with people with learning disability whether it be medical, educational, therapeutic or social (Rimmerman and Raif, 2001). The movie supports research studies and current literature on the topic of mental retardation portraying that siblings and relatives are affected by illness of one family member. in their research Vanderschie-Bezyak (2003) and Rimmerman and Raif (2001) found that for some people, their development may be erratic and at certain times the person may appear to have reached a plateau which continues for a longer period than expected. When this occurs, it is necessary to investigate if there are other contributory factors which have gone undetected. For example, a hearing loss or unrewarding experiences in cases where the person's attempts have been ignored, or conversely where every need of the person is anticipated and met, thus reducing motivation to communicate. In "What's Eating Gilbert Grape", mental retardation results in suicide of the father 17 years ago. It is possible to assume that the father suffered from mental illness and it was the caused of the suicide. The causes of mental retardation are diverse, but critics underline that family history is one of the possible signs of mental illnesses. Also, the movie portrays that, Bonnie, a mother of the ill child, suffers from some kind of the mental illness resulted in obesity and overeating. These life circumstances lead to isolation of the family from society and loneliness (Rimmerman and Raif, 2001). Through the character of Arnie, the movie depicts hat left to themselves, many children spend less time close by their parents and caregivers compared to other children. Those who do tend to stay close may look toward their caregiver to show off what they

Research Proposal Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research Proposal - Outline Example This will further help in reducing such activities since the core of the issue lies in the activities conducted while engaging in truant. The Wisconsin Statutes in its Section 188.16(1) (c) defines truancy as ‘any absence of part or all of a school day for which a pupil’s parent or guardian has not provided a valid excuse’ (Wisconsin, 2000). The reason for choosing this particular topic is that education has somewhere lost its importance in today’s world. There has been a remarkable increase in dropout and truancy rates which means that the education sector is failing somewhere. Students no longer consider education as their basic right. They believe in this world where retail giants and fast food franchises would hire them at good pay, they do not need education to survive. As the concept of single working parent is slowly disintegrating and parents no longer have the time to concentrate on their child’s educational development, children find it easier to play truant and get away with it. A recent study conducted on the subject of truant reveal that more than 50 percent of the parents are aware that their children are playing truant and yet they do not seem to care (Abrams, 2011). The report further revealed that the reasons for committing truant are not properly understood by the authorities. The authorities though impose punishments on the students, fail to realize the core reason behind the act. Most students said that the actions taken against truancy do not bother them and they still continue to commit truant because they have lost interest in school. Since education is the main pillar the supports the economy of every nation, the increasing number of truant activities should raise a red flag and it is time that the education sector focused on this issue also. Right now, authorities are not concerned with increasing dropout rates and they fail to acknowledge the fact that truancy subsequently leads to dropping off from school and if

Explain the principle behind the concept of ''General Average''. What Assignment - 1

Explain the principle behind the concept of ''General Average''. What are the essential elements of the 'York-Antwerp Rules' that define a 'General Average' act - Assignment Example ther hand, Average when applied to maritime commerce, means, a payment made by all the persons involved in a sea adventure, to make good an identifiable loss or expense incurred by one or more of them for the general benefit (Stevens, 1835: 4). The law of general average is an accepted form of spreading the risk of sea transport that existed before marine insurance. It rests on the principle that loss or expenditures incurred in a maritime venture for the benefit of all should be shared ratably by all who participate in the venture. Heimer (1989: 123), states that general average means â€Å"general loss.† It stipulates that if a ship was in any peril and shipment was jettisoned to rescue the ship, then the ship and residual shipment were obligated to make a payment to the owner of the lost shipment. According to Hopkins (1859: 6), general average means a contribution according to value made by the associated interests which form a marine adventure, these parties being the ship itself, the merchandise she carries and the freight she earns.Baughen (2009: 325), defines general average as a right of contribution as between the various interests in a sea voyage: the ship; the cargo owners; and the party entitled to freight. It is imposed throughout the world as part of the law of the sea. It is a form of mutual insurance that developed before the emergence of marine insurance. According to Tudor (1868: 102), general average refers to all loss which arise in consequence of extraordinary expennses incurred in the presevation of the ship and cargo. That is, all the expenses incured from the misadventure, till all the cargo had been discharged, confessedly constituted. In order to give rise to a charge as general average, it is imporatant that there should be a voluntary sacrifice to preserve more subjects than one exposed to a common jeopardy. The purpose of this contribution is the repayment of some expense incurred or the restitution of something valuable sacrificed

INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL SERVICES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL SERVICES - Essay Example The unique characteristic of the financial intermediary here is that their assets and liabilities are overwhelmingly financial.2 The financial intermediaries succeed by using customer’s savings (who save in order to maximise the savings but with minimal risk) to lend to investors (who fights to get the money at the cheapest rate as possible but with less strings attached) with the aim of making a return on their investments for themselves and their customers. Their main role can be said to be channelling of customer’s savings to investors who so need the money to make meaningful investments that give rise to an economic growth and development for the society.3 The financial intermediary strives to make the better deal of a large profit as possible from these savings as to keep the institution running. (See appendices 2) According to J.O. Sanusi (2002), availability of investible funds for investment in any economy can be said to be the key factor in the growth process of that economy especially as it is realised that these funds are a necessary condition for output production and employment growth. Efficient financial intermediaries through the role they play in any economy are of course seen as the best means of achieving higher levels of output production, employment, and income which invariably enhance the living standards of the population. It cannot be argued therefore that countries that have enjoyed or are enjoying economic prosperity such as the Western countries are having such an efficient mechanism for mobilising financial resources and allocating same for productive investment.4 Banks long ago were considered as the best intermediary since they are able to provide an important positive means of mobilising the savings from customers, and allocating these funds to the investors for finance investment projects

Biography of Albert Einstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Biography of Albert Einstein - Essay Example Thus Einstein spent only six weeks in his place of birth. The image of Albert Einstein as an intellectual giant does not relate to skills as a kid. He could scarcely talk till the age of three. Taking this disadvantage into consideration, it was not expected that he would become a scientist whom the world would remember and respect for ever. Despite the problem in speaking, Einstein used to be very constructive and creative right from his early childhood. It has been recorded that he was really good in making tall card castles. It was also evident that he was different from his peers and had interests quite varied from that of children of his age. One ideal example of this is that he did not enjoy playing soldier which used to be a very common game amongst children of his age. Interestingly, at the age of twelve he got totally involved in a geometry book (Lewis, 1985). For a boy of this age to get interested in geometry when children of his age played around with toy cars, suggested the extra ordinary scientific aptitude he possessed even early during his childhood. Education The initial days of Albert Einstein’s schooling was done in Munich. He began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium (Lewis, 1985). He was not a bright student at this school. It has also been argued that as a young boy with high aptitude in Science, the school and the syllabus could not be of interest to Einstein. In the autobiography notes of Einstein it has been mentioned that he developed disinterest in the education system and distrust on the educators. However, the fact that Einstein does live up to the academic standards that the school doesn’t mean that he was slow student. It has been recorded in his autobiography that he came up with his own proof for the Pythagoras theory early in the age of 12 (Einstein,1987). Later, in the year 1894, the family business which was run in Munich collapsed. The family was forced to move from Munich. Young Einstein was of fifteen the n. He had to drop out of high school. The family moved to Italy. Einstein took a break from his education for a year as the family was still getting adapted to and settled in Italy. The next year he tried getting into Eidgen?ossiche Technische Hochschule which is the Federal Institute of Technology.. However he couldn’t pass the entrance examination. He then studied for a year in Swiss high School. He graduated from this school in the year 1896 (Lewis, 1985). This qualification further helped him get admitted to Eidgen?ossiche Technische Hochschule. He was not a bright student here in the Federal Institute as well. It has been reported by a number of researchers that Einstein’s teachers didn’t even expect him to pass this course. He continuously tried to organize a University scholarship to support his studies and living expenses. Attributing to the poor academic records all these efforts were turned down by the University. He also tried to get into a job of a h igher secondary teacher along with his studies so that he could manage his living expenses. He was not successful in getting this as well. He successfully graduated from Eidgen?ossiche Technische Hochschule in the year 1900. An analysis of the schooling and education of Einstein suggests that he never had been a bright student. He studies in three different countries including Germany, Italy and Switzerland. Early Years of Work Albert Einstein’s initial days of professional endeavors were unduly in nature. He had to survive with small scale jobs for many years. He had been relying on temporary tutoring and teaching jobs for his survival. Being a mediocre in terms of academic performance, he couldn’

COMMUNITY PROJECT PAPER Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

COMMUNITY PAPER - Statistics Project Example There are major topography figures in the location and one of them is the great hill of Maryland that one has the ability of seeing as he enters the town. There is also a river that flows right in the middle of the town and acts as a symbol of unity for communities that dwell in that location. The housing of the area is another factor to put in mind. The structures put up in the city are apartment building with the likely possibility of about 10 families per building. However, as one goes deeper into the city, there are bungalows erected by individual people and their families. The sanitation in the entire street is appealing seeing as there runs a draining system all through the town and in all major buildings except for some that share a drainage system. There are numerous safety factors in the environment that ensure that people do not get into any complications as they run their day to day lives. One of the safety factors to recognize is the presence of speed limit signs to avoid accidents and street lights to keep people safe from mugging at night. The source of water for the community is the river that runs downtown. This river runs into a lake where a reservoir then holds the water for pumping purposes. As stated earlier, the sanitation of the town is rather very effective. This is from the fact that the drainage system is well maintained by the city council and there are no cases presented by the local communities with regard to the sanitation. There are numerous nuisance factors in the society that make it rather hard for people living in that location. One of them is street gangs that have a history of shooting innocent people during their gang wars and also making it very hard for people to live peacefully in the area due to violence and robbery. The potential for disaster in the location is another factor that one ought to look at keenly in an effort to understand the location even better. The fact that

Human Population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Population - Essay Example The number keeps growing every second. Human Population itself is not a problem. The Earth is meant for humans to dwell in it. However, it becomes a problem when too many or too less humans live in it and this is known as Over Population and Under Population respectively. Total population is increasing at a rate of around 1.15 % per year and the average annual population change is approximated at over 77 million right now. The increase rate was highest in the 1960s and it has almost halved since then. The total population in Year 1 was 200 million while today in year 2008 it has hit 6 billion. It is estimated to reach 9.2 billion by 2050! (World Population Clock-Worldometer, 2008) Better health-care facilities in developed countries imply fewer deaths. Despite this, most population increases are taking place in developing countries. This is because the birth rate increases more than the decrease in death rate. Alternatively, in developed countries, there is a problem of under population. Life expectancy has increased a lot and the fertility rate has decreased. This is true for countries like Germany. Human population follows the pattern of an exponential growth; it grows slowly at first but then very rapidly (Hopkins, J., 2008). This clearly has implications for the future as the world will become over-populated at one time. Over-population is when the resources of an area can not meet the needs of the humans living in it or in other words the Earth's carrying capacity is utilized. Hence, it is problematic, very. The concept of Over Population can be showed with an analogy. Take the example of a restaurant. It employs five waiters in the beginning. The restaurant gains from them. Slowly the number keeps growing and the number increases to 20 waiters. They start crashing into each other, damaging utilities and worrying other people around them. This is a problem because it becomes difficult for these waiters to behave naturally as they would with only five waiters. This, hence, is the problem of overpopulation. The thing to notice here is that it is also closely related to the economics concept of the Diminishing Law of Marginal Utility. Factors that contribute to and are affected by the Human Population Living Factors The most obvious factor that contributes to human population is humans themselves. Population obviously increases because of increased birth rates or an increase in the fertility rate. People in developing countries are having more and more babies everyday because of which the number is increasing. Humans are also affected by the growing population themselves. Non-Living Factors Along with increased birth rates, decreased death rates or mortality also could also contribute to human population. The death/mortality rate decreases when medical and health care facilities are good. The number of deaths, therefore, decreases when countries are developed or are moving towards development. Because of globalization, today all boundaries between countries have been removed. This promotes specialization and the overall growth of economies of different countries. The growth in an economy is shown by increased and enhanced health-care facilities and hence, a lower number of deaths and a higher life expectancy age. Therefore, there is the

Ford Corporation Essay Example for Free

Ford Corporation Essay The manufacturing capabilities kept on improving and in 1917 he built the Rouge plant that put the whole operation, from the raw material, to the final product, under the same roof. In 1915 Henry Ford’s son, Edsel Ford joined his father in the company. Edsel brought to the company the desire of making a product not only functional, but stylish and beautiful. Ford became entirely family owned in 1919 when Henry, his wife Clara, and Edsel bought the outstanding shares for 5,820,894 (Chapman, pp. 128) . The company would hold to this status until 1956 when the company would allow outsiders to buy shares. For many years the image of the company was the same as its leadership. Henry Ford passed the presidency to Edsel Ford in 1919. Henry Ford reassumed the leadership after the death of Edsel in 1943. After Henry Ford resigned, Henry Ford II assumed the presidency. The company inherited by Henry Ford II was not the same. Ford had fallen behind General Motor (GM) and Chrysler. Henry Ford II knew he had to regain terrain, so he contracted the Whiz Kids (a group of former US Army Air Force officers), and created a â€Å"sophisticated management system including accounting and financial controls† (Chapman, pp. 28). With the finance side in check, Ford gained increased its position, and became the number 2 car company in 1950. Ford products were not fuel efficient, and when the gas prices rose in the 70s because of the OPEC embargo, Ford lost many consumers. The company responded by closing plants and cutting jobs. After the storm, the sun came out in the late 80s with the launch of F ord Taurus and Mercury Ford was on the top of the game once again. The desire to diversify made Ford buy other brands and include it in its family such as: Jaguar, Aston Martin, Land Rover and Volvo. Bill Ford assumed the presidency of the company in 2001. It was the first time in 20 years that the head of the company was a member of the Ford family. Bill Ford drove the company through one of the worst times in history for the company: right after the extensive (and expensive) Firestone tires recall, and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Bill Ford went to ups and downs during his presidency. He saw sales improving slowly from 2001 to 2006, but the increasing competition from foreign brands such as Toyota, Nissan and Honda made him realize that he needed help taking the company to the next level. Alan Mulally became the new CEO in 2006. He was a new face in the auto industry, coming from Boeing Corporation instead from inside Ford or from another auto company. Mulally â€Å"demonstrated leadership skills Henry Ford had established many years ago. † Mulally brought to the company new energy, and a brave new plan. His most risky decision proved to pay off in the end. He decided to raise money by mortgaging almost all of Ford’s assets including the brand. His audacity put Ford as the most trustworthy American company. The money raised by Mulally helped keep Ford out of the government bailout of 2009. Ford Motor Company: The Problem(s) Ford has been a pioneer in the auto industry but it still faces a lot of problems to make it the number one in the industry. The increasing competition from other car companies to creatively and efficiently attract and retain customers made it difficult to gain the number one position. The economic crisis also made it hard to sell new vehicles. The quality of Ford vehicles have also gone down compared to what it was before. The slow reaction to change in consumer taste made Ford lag behind its main competitors. It was also late in expanding in international market and opportunities were lost to other brands. Ford Motor Company: SWOT Analysis Strengths One of Ford’s biggest strengths is its leadership. Since Henry Ford founded the company, the leadership has been proven to help the company throughout difficult times. Every leader brought to the company a new idea. Henry Ford wanted the company to produce an affordable product. His successor, Edsel showed that innovation is always necessary in this industry. Edsel wanted stylish and beautiful vehicles to carry the Ford brand. Henry Ford II with he help of the Whiz Kids developed a â€Å"sophisticated management system† what helped the company after World War II. He also â€Å"revitalized Ford with modern engineering, manufacturing, assembly, and distribution facilities in the US and 22 foreign countries† (Chapman, pp. 128). The strong and visionary leadership style of Henry Ford was shared by many other leaders of Ford. T he new generation, Bill Ford and Alan Mulally also presented the traits of a Ford leader. Bill by navigating Ford throughout harsh times, and for seeing that the company needed a change, a fresh start. He then passed the leadership of the company to Alan Mulally who proved to be exactly what the company needed. Mulally discovered that Ford lacked â€Å"global synergy,† he was surprised by the way that Ford was operating its brands. He saw that the company did not have central control, it took him a while to find out what was really happening inside the company. He also made really tough financial decisions, and reorganized the amount of brands and models offered by Ford. â€Å"With his leadership and conviction, Ford Motor Company stood apart from its competitors by standing on its two feet† (Chapman, pp. 33). Ford’s reputation is also an incredible strength for the company. Ford is seen as a family company. Henry Ford wants the employees to be able to buy cars, increased their wages, and was interested in sharing a piece of his family with others. Weaknesses Ford has proven to be slow to respond to changes in the environment and consumer tastes. They felt that they â€Å"got it,† and felt comfortable with it. Since the beginning of Ford, with a delay to offer cars in other colors than black, they experience a tardiness to respond to changes. One example was the excessive attention to SUVs and other gas inefficient cars when the gas prices spiked. When consumers were looking for alternatives to the gas drinking vehicles, Ford was fully producing SUV’s. Although SUV’s are Ford bestselling product, the fact that they were slow to make them more efficient or give costumers other styles to choose from, made Ford to lose market share to other automakers. Ford also lost terrain when they did not address earlier the ecofriendly trend. Toyota had the Prius which did not have much of a competition until recently. Currently, Ford has â€Å"12 vehicles with best in class fuel economy and 4 models with at least 40 mpg† (Chapman, pp. 137), and is developing plug-in models that use a combination of electricity and gasoline that will compete against the Chevrolet Volt. Opportunities Ford has the opportunity to expand its presence and capture market share in India and China. It aims to increase its revenues from international sales from 20 percent to 50 percent. The expanding market of the two countries allows Ford to focus on small, light and fuel efficient cars that are needed in the market. Ford has also been slow to respond to demands for small hybrid or fuel efficient cars in the United States. There is also an opportunity to increase standardization of the platforms used in world-wide production of vehicles. If this happens the cost of production would significantly lower and it would be easier to introduce new cars into new markets without building new plants. Ford can also further trim down the number of models out in the market and focus on cars they are widely known for such as light trucks and expand its model for smaller and fuel efficient cars. To target the higher end market, it should continue to build its Lincoln brand as a better alternative in the US and once established, export that brand to new markets overseas. Production from union controlled plants could also be transferred to non-union plants that can give Ford plants a competitive edge or be at par with other auto companies in compensation for workers. Ford can also consolidate more dealership to become more competitive and give them incentives to attract more customers thru financing and offering excellent customer service. Threats The auto industry is very competitive and technology driven industry. Ford has to constantly monitor its competitors to know how it will make its own decision. Companies will outbid one another in attracting new customers by giving them a lot of rebates, incentives and attractive financing. The technology for clean, fuel-efficient cars and alternate sources of fuel is also changing and without proper funding for research Ford could be left behind and lose in this expanding market. Any increase in price of raw materials could also increase production cost for Ford and make their vehicles more expensive. Demands of union workers also affect the competitiveness of Ford. They are currently paying higher compensation and benefits compared to the rest of auto industry. Changing consumer tastes also makes it difficult for Ford to quickly address and create cars that the market needs. Any decline in the US economy would also greatly affect the revenues of Ford. Most of the revenues of Ford comes from the US market and if the US economy goes into another recession it would decrease consumer spending and make it difficult to survive without government help. Ford Motor Company: Five Forces Threats of Substitute Products – High in Urban Areas, Low in Suburban Areas * With the increase of gas prices and traffic congestion consumers are now looking for alternate ways to commute between work and home. Consumers are increasingly being aware of their â€Å"carbon footprint† and are looking for clean and energy efficient alternatives to commute. In cities, the availability of public tr ansportation such as buses, subways and light rail systems gives commuters flexibility. Car-sharing options such as Zipcar are now also available in cities and have become popular. Rivalry Among Competing Firms – High * Competition in the auto industry is very high. Different companies compete aggressively in increasing their market share by giving incentives to customers. It is also important for companies to satisfy the needs and tastes of consumers. Companies also try to run an efficient supply chain to limit the cost of producing and increasing profit margins. * Threats of New Entrants – Low * The threat of new entrants in the local auto industry is low. The auto industry is very capital and labor intensive and it takes time for companies to establish their operations. The current companies have established their presence and market share but competition from potential, new and growing car companies in big markets such as China and India is inevitable. * Bargaining Power of Suppliers – Low * The auto industry sources its raw materials from global suppliers. The suppliers market is also a competitive industry. Bulk of their sales come from the auto industry and companies have established relationships to give them access to supplies and new technologies. The relationship of auto ompanies and suppliers are intertwined given that as auto companies increase production, supplier companies increase revenues. * Bargaining Power of Buyers – High * Consumers now have more choices that gives them a higher bargaining power. The economy is also improving and giving them more buying power. Unlike before where manufacturers dictate what the dealers will push to the consumers, consumers now make the demand for manufacturers to make fuel-efficient an d environment friendly cars. Consumers are also well informed and by being well informed they can ask for more incentives to dealers and car manufacturers. Ford Motor Company: Recommendations Under the leadership of Mulally Ford has significantly made changes to improve the position of the company. We recommend that Ford increase funding on research for fuel efficient cars, alternate sources of energy for smaller cars that the market demands and will create sustainability in its vehicles. Ford should also maintain or increase the quality of its vehicles by standardizing its platforms and improving its technology to detect any safety issues with its vehicles to avoid costly recalls that not only is expensive but tarnishes the image of the company. The economic crisis has made it difficult for other car companies not to be bailed out but Ford was able to maintain its independence by using its assets and enforcing better control in its finances. Ford can continue to be competitive by maintaining or lowering its operating costs. Ford has been known in its proficiency in having a tight supply chain were it can control the costs of production. Ford should be quick to adapt in changing consumer tastes. It should not be content with making products that they are known for and lose market share in new vehicles that are small, clean and fuel efficient. It should also make its current models cleaner and more fuel efficient to maintain attractiveness to consumers. Ford has great potential in new markets such as China and India. The reputation it has built as a well know car manufacturer in the US can be used to tap new customers in international market. Ford has built by its strong leaders and will continue to thrive if more reforms are made.

John Locke vs. Thomas Hobbes Essay Example for Free

John Locke vs. Thomas Hobbes Essay During the seventeenth century, Great Britain produced Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, two of the greatest political philosophers of all times. Both men are known for their great philosophical ideas that help to explain the role of government in man’s life. Their explanations are based on the description of their understanding of man’s state of nature. While both men do have opposite views on many of their political arguments, the fact that they are able to structure the essence of their conflicting ideologies in to the shell of what they define as the state of man in nature, is the link that relates them to each other. Both man share there desire in an establishment that provides order to ensure not only the protection of the individual, but also the security of the state. In Hobbes philosophy, the state of nature is a very unwelcoming, dull place. His theory is that individuals in their true nature are guided by their innate primal, animalistic instincts, rather then reason. Hobbes’ concept of the state of nature is based on his believe that morality such as the ideas of good and evil do not exist in tis state. He claims that with out guidance, man will use any power at his deposal, to defend his life and positions. In his book Leviathan, Hobbes describes this condition as war, in other words, it is every one against every one. (Hobbes) In addition, he depicted the state of nature as a state in which individuals are without any of the benefits that are taken for granted in modern society. Hobbes describes the lack of these benefits as: â€Å"No commerce, no agriculture, no account of time, no arts, no letters, and no society. (Hobbes)† Hobbes believes that without proper structure, man is in constant state of war. A state where an overbearing sense of fear and grief, triggers men to be on a constant defense in order to protect themselves, and their belongings. Hobbes relates man’s desire to escape from the state of nature and war by seeking peace, which allows man to end his unremitting feeling of fear. In order to obtain peace, Hobbes claims that it is the use of reason that enables man to respond the laws of nature. It is through reason, that man transfers all rights to a higher power, according to Hobbes, which in turn allows man to receive man’s natural right to all things, providing that others will do the same. Hobbes labeled this mutual transferring of rights contract. Hobbes knew, however, that there has to be some collective authority in place to enforce the laws. He believed that human’s appetite for power would be a constant threat to the contract. To prevent this threat, Hobbes saw a necessity for government. He concluded that there aught to be some sovereign authority that could enforce laws and would be authorized to punish anyone who broke the rules; an authority that is endowed with the responsibility to uphold the rights of every individual, as a part of the social contract. Hobbes believed that the best form of government to fulfill this role is in form of an absolute monarch as ruler over the people. He named the role of the absolute sovereign Leviathan. The role of the monarchic ruler was to be successful because it helped to create a endless circle that reinforced the social contract. The sovereign was to control the masses through fear, as he had the power of the threat of punishment bestowed upon him. This power helped to reinforce the mandates that the laws of nature provided, thereby ensuring the continued operation of the social contract that was in place. In turn for turning the responsibility to protect and serve over to the ruler, the people essentially gave up all of their own personal rights to govern themselves to the sovereign. The concept was that people are able to maintain their right to self-preservation by granting the sovereign all of their other rights. Hobbes titled this idea of a system of sovereignty the Commonwealth. It is through this social contract that is upheld between the people and the sovereign in the commonwealth, Hobbes states, that â€Å"man is able to get out of the state of nature and into society. (Hobbes)† Being a philosopher of political theory in the seventeenth century, John Locke understood and believed in the social contract and the state of nature as much as Hobbes. The positions he took on them, however, were most of the time on the polar opposites of the spectrum. Locks interpretation of the state of nature becomes evident in his publication Two Treaties of Government, where he states, â€Å"while there were no civil societies yet formed, people basically were able to live in peace, because the natural laws that governed them were an innate quality which everyone had. (Locke)† In other words, is Locke’s believe that in the state of nature, all people are equal, and have executive power of the natural laws. One of the major clashes between Locke’s and Hobbes’ theories was the interpretation of the state of nature. Hobbes was a firm believer in the state of â€Å"war† as a natural part of the state of nature. Locke on the other hand, alleged himself with the thought that the two states were not the same. Locke’s philosophy states that the human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance. He believed that in the state of nature all men where equal and independent. Further more Locke believed that it is every ons right to protect his rights of life liberty and property. He states that people govern to govern their lives by using reason, and do not need a common superior, or leader. The state of war occurs when people try to force things on others, and it was Locke’s belief that when this occurs, people have the right to wage war because force without right is an adequate basis for the state of war. In order to transition from the state of nature into a civil society, Locke believed that people would innately want to give up their natural freedom in order to assure protection for their lives, liberties, and property. Locke claimed that the most efficient form of government for a civil society would be one that is run by the majority of people with common views, and that the individual, when entering into this society would submit to the will of the majority and follow the rules set forth by it. In transitioning from the state of nature to a civil society, Locke stated that the state of nature differed from a civil society because it lacked â€Å"an established, settled, known law; a known, and different judge; and power to back and support the sentence†. In order to complete this transition into a civilized society, the individual has to relinquish certain natural rights. These rights include the right to do what they wanted within the bounds of the laws of nature, and the power to punish the crimes committed against natural law. Both rights are given up in order to put oneself under the protection of the executive power of the civil society. According to Locke, it is a transfer of these rights to the civil society. Lock states that there will be â€Å"a law, a judge, and [an] executive working to no other end, but the peace, safety, and public good of the people. † Locke’s ideals were considered to be very progressive at the time of their creation and based on the principles of equality and government working to the advantages of the people. After entering into a civil society, Locke stated that the government of the commonwealth, using the element of a majority, should have a single legislative body that was used for the creation of laws. Locke suggests many types of governments such as Democracy, or Oligarchy, but he never states that one is better then the other. This again is another difference in the views between Locke and Hobbes. While Hobbes favored one single person to have the divine power to rule, Locke stated that the power to create law should rest within a majority legislative body and that the law created by it should be absolute. No other body could create laws of its own, and every member of society and the commonwealth must abide by the laws that were created by the legislative majority. While the legislation is an absolute governing body, it does in fact have limits as well. Locke states that the legislative body must govern by fixed laws that apply equally to everyone, and that the laws that are designed are to be done solely for the good of the people; lastly, the legislative body cannot increase taxes on property owners with out the people’s consent. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes ideas about common law governments help to explain, at least from a philosophical ideal, the evolution of man from the animal age to the enlightened seventeenth century in which they resided in. While I believe the critical difference between their views is the amount of power they each placed in the idea of a sovereign power, they also shared many other different ideals, such as the state of nature in which people resided, and their ideas of how people living in the commonwealth should relinquish their rights. However, one crucial element of commonality should be noted that existed between Locke and Hobbes. Even though many of their ideals differed their end result was the same; the common good of the people. Though they both may differ on how this plan works, they are able to base at the crux of each of their arguments, the essential need for reason in man’s life, and how we as a race are able to better ourselves through the tools of reason and government. Work cited: Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. first edition . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909. Print. Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government . 22/04/2003: n. pag. Web. 18 May 2011. http://epublish. biz/pdf/Two_Treatises_of_Government. pdf.

Defamation And Free Speech In England And Russia Law Essay

Defamation And Free Speech In England And Russia Law Essay The basis of modern society is formed by the fundamental human right of freedom of speech. The importance of having this fundamental right is immense. In order for this world to continue modernizing, it is very important to let every individual voice his/her opinion. However, in certain situations what one person says (intentionally or unintentionally) might harm the reputation of another person. I believe that defamation law and freedom of speech are two different sides of the same coin. They always go together, yet talk about two contradicting concepts. If freedom of speech gives everyone the right to express themselves, then defamation limits this right, in order to protect the reputation of individuals from being harmed. Every country has its own coin which is unique in its own way. This means that every legal system has its own way of evaluating freedom of speech and defamation law. Therefore, I think, it will be interesting to make compare the defamation law in the Russian lega l system and the defamation law in the English legal system, as they are both part of completely different legal traditions. By examining these two different jurisdictions, I will try to evaluate whether defamation law infringes the fundamental human right of speech. Defamation law in England: General overview (Defamation and Free Speech): Defamation is quite different from the other torts because, unlike the others it protects something that is indistinct; it protects the claimants reputation (not personal safety or personal integrity, unlike the other torts). Since it protects something so abstract, it can be difficult to actually reach a fair conclusion. Thus, the question here arises that what is defamatory and did it really harm the reputation of the claimant. It should be clarified as to what is actually meant by harm the reputation of the claimant. This phrase means that certain comments/statements have caused the claimant to be avoided and shunned by the right-thinking members of the society. Defamation can be made in two forms, either libel (i.e. permanent/written form) or slander (i.e. auditory form). In order to give rise to liability in defamation the claimant has to mainly prove three things. Firstly, the statement has to be defamatory (i.e. should harm the reputation of the claimant). Secondly, the claimant also has to prove that the statement was in fact referring to the claimant and not someone else. Thirdly, the defamatory statement was demonstrated to a third party (by third party, it is meant at least one other person). Moreover, in cases of slander the claimant also has to prove that the statement caused actual damage (i.e. financial loss). Once the claimant proves these things, the burden of proof falls on the defendant, because the statement(s) is/are presumed to be false.  [1]   When it comes to human rights, especially free speech, many critics believe that the English legal system does a poor job of protecting it. The main reason is believed to be the fact the Great Britain does not have a written constitution. Therefore, the interpretation of human rights lies in the hands of the judges (who can be very subjective). However, things have changed slightly since the introduction of European Human Rights Convention and 1998 Human Rights Act, both of which have helped the English law to develop and also clarify certain points. Nevertheless in certain situations it can be seen that the English law still struggles to provide justice to these acts  [2]  . This was the case in R v Shayler, where Mr. Shayler, a former member of the Security Service, disclosed that MI5 kept files on future labour ministers, alleged incompetence relating to the IRA bombing of Bishopsgate in the City of London in 1993, and the bombing of the Israeli embassy in London a year later, and that MI6 was involved in a plot to assassinate the Libyan leader, Muammar Gadafy, in 1995. The defence of Mr. Shayler was based on the freedom of expression and public interest. He was charged under the Official Secrets Act 1989 which prohibited any member of the security and intelligence services, from disclosing any information about his/her work. However, according to Mr. Shayler this act was incompatible with article 10 of the Convention and it violated his right of free speech. Nonetheless, the House of Lords decided unanimously to dismiss his appeal  [3]  . Consequently, I personally believe that it can be seen from the type of information Mr. Shayler disclosed, that he acted in public interest. Defences: Defences are given more importance in defamation than in other aspects of tort. The defences are given such immense importance, in order to avoid violating the constitutional right of free speech. Moreover, it is not very difficult for the claimant to establish the elements of defamation. Once the claimant established the elements, it is up to the defendant to prove his/her innocence. Therefore, defences are of enormous importance. There are certain defences which help the defendant to do so, for example, Justification (truth), privilege, fair comment and defence of innocent publication under s. 1 Defamation Act 1996. Other than these defences, there are some others, which help the defendant to remove the liability, for example, offer of amends under s.2 Defamation Act 1996 and expiry of limitation period  [4]  . Since the statement made by the claimant is assumed to be false, the defence of justification tells that whatever the defendant published was true and thus the claimant has no right to complain about true statements which lower his/her reputation. Moreover, if the defendant has made a number of distinct charges against the claimant, then it will be sufficient that the defendant proves the truth of most of the charges such that the other statements do not injure the claimants reputation materially. Defamatory statements made on a privileged occasion are not actionable. Privileged occasions are those, where public interest in freedom of speech is such that it overrules any concerns as to the effect of this freedom on the claimants reputation.  [5]  There are two types of privileges, absolute and qualified. Absolute privilege applies to statements made in Parliament, court hearings, any document ordered to be published by House of Parliament and communications between certain officers of state. Qualified privilege applies to an occasion where the person who makes a communication has an interest or a duty (legal, social, or moral) to make it to the person to whom it is so made has a corresponding interest or duty to receive it.  [6]  The rationale for this is said to be the common convenience and welfare of society. Unlike absolute privilege, the defence of qualified privilege will be defeated if malice is proved. Fair comment protects the defendants right to criticize the claimant, which is why the defendant does not have to show that his/her words are true. However, this right to criticize is kept within strict boundaries. In order to qualify for this defence the defendant must prove that he/she was acting in public interest. Moreover the defendant should also show that the statement was based upon a set of facts and that the defendant honestly held that opinion. If a person was involuntarily or unknowingly involved in the process of publication of the defamatory material, then the defence of innocent publication (under s.1 of DA 1996) will apply to him/her. The defendant should prove that he/she took reasonable care in relation to the statements publication. Moreover, he/she should also prove that he/she had no reason whatsoever to believe that his/her actions caused or contributed to the publication of a defamatory statement. This defence cannot be applied to the author, editor or publisher. If the defendant has unintentionally defamed the claimant, then he/she can make an offer of amends (i.e. publish an apology). If the claimant accepts this offer then the proceedings would end, however, if the claimant refuses to accept it, then this would become a defence for the defendant. The expiry of the limitation period cannot be really regarded as a defence; it is more of an assertion that the claimant has run out of time to bring his/her claims for defamation. It is obvious from the defences mentioned above, that English law tries to take reasonable care to protect free speech from being violated. However, the question which arises here is whether these defences are enough. I personally think that it is not enough, because despite the strong defences there are still some major glitches in the system. The main example would be the unnecessarily high costs of bringing up a defamation lawsuit. Since legal aid is not available, the cost of hiring a lawyer is relatively high. This leads us to think that defamation law is only for the rich and the poor cannot seek justice from it. Defamation in Russian Law General Overview (defamation and free speech): In the Russian legal system, up until the last decade of 20th century, defamation was a part of the criminal law. The Russian Criminal Code contains five articles which deal with defamation. In order to sue for criminal defamation the claimant must prove that the statement was made with malicious intent to harm the claimants reputation. Furthermore, the claimant must also prove that the defendant knew that the statement was false. In the past two decades, due to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian law underwent some major reforms, such as the introduction of defamation in civil law. Civil defamation is covered by various articles of the Russian Civil Code. According to article 152 of the Civil Code, the elements required in order to establish civil defamation are: dissemination of information, information must be defamatory; the information must be false, the information should be of factual nature, and the information should be referring to the claimant. The claimant only needs to prove that the statement was published, other than this the burden of proof falls on the defendant. Defences  [7]  : Russian civil defamation law mainly focuses on how to deal with the defendant who is found guilty. This can be seen in the emphasis placed by these requirements on the grounds for bringing a defamation lawsuit, how the defamatory statement will be refuted and how the compensation should be awarded. The main problem with these rules is that they contain very little information on how the defendant may defend him/herself. The defences are provided under international law. First, a defendant should be given a fair opportunity to prove that the statement made by him/her is true. If the defendant succeeds in doing so, it removes liability from the defendant. Second, if the statement was made in public interest and it was reasonable in all circumstances for the defendant to publish the information in the form he/she did, then the defendant can benefit from the defence of reasonable publication. Finally, the defendant cannot be liable if the statement actually expresses his/her opinion. An opinion is defined as a statement which does not include any factual expression or cannot reasonably be interpreted as a fact, because of the language or context. Evaluation: Defamation law and free speech are both equally important concepts in our society. One persons right of free speech should be balanced against another persons right to being protected against being defamed by lies. Therefore it is crucial to exercise freedom of speech and defamation law helps to do so. I personally believe, that defamation law is one of the most important part of tort law, since it protects people against those false statements which might harm their reputation. Moreover, defamation law tries its level best not to infringe free speech. The defences used in defamation law try to create a balance between freedom of speech and defamation. However, in certain cases freedom of speech ends up getting violated. In England free speech is fundamental human right which is granted by the common law and protected by the statute law. Provisions are taken by the judiciary in order to avoid violating the constitutional right of freedom of speech. This can be seen in English defamation law, which has a lot of defences which help the defendant to protect his/her interests (i.e. free speech). However, compared to other common law countries, for example USA, the English defamation law has some glitches. The main example would be placing the burden of proof on the defendant or assuming that the statement made by the defendant is false. I think that this places the defendant in an unfair position. In Russian law, the defences are very limited and the punishment is greater because defamation in Russian law is regarded as a criminal offence in certain cases. I think that defamation should not be regarded as a criminal offence under any circumstances because it creates an impermissible chilling effect stemming the flow of protected speech.  [8]  Moreover, the burden of proof shifts improperly, thus, requiring the defendant to prove his/her innocence. I believe that Russian defamation law needs to cut out defamation from criminal law completely. It can be seen that compared to English defamation law; Russian defamation law limits free speech to a greater extent. The main reasons are limited number of defences and defamation being a part of the criminal law. However, the Russian law has tried to improve the situation by implementing defamation in their Civil Code. The result of my research says, that despite the fact that the defences help to minimize the negative effect of defamation law on free speech it can be said that almost every legal system infringes free speech to some extent. The main reason for this is limited number of defences (in the case of Russian law) and in some cases the judges tend to favour the protection of reputation more than free speech.

Evil in The Picture of Dorian Gray: :: Picture Dorian Gray Essays

Evil in The Picture of Dorian Gray:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Picture Of Dorian Gray is yet another novel portraying evil.   The theme is very much reflected by the book's setting, plot structure and characterisation.   It shows how individuals can slowly deteriorate because of the evil lying within themselves.   The evil of this book is the evil created by one's self and thrusted upon one's self.   The power of greed and selfishness take over Dorian Gray and create an ugly evil side to him.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mid eighteenth century was a very influential era, specially in England.   This period judged much upon appearance and status.   Dorian was a very wealthy, intelligent man with a very high status.   He knew the very influential and rich people in his town as well.   His beauty charmed the world.   Basil was inspired to draw his portrait in order to preserve his beauty and youth. Dorian recognised that as long as he remained young he would be handsome.   He dreaded the day that he would age slightly and start to form wrinkles and such ugly (in Dorian's opinion) ugly things.   He believed that that day would deprive him of triumphs that would result in him being miserable.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The degree of evil within Dorian increases as the plot develops.   By trading his soul for his youth, Dorian rids of the good inside of himself.   The plot proves to us that evil does actually lie within an individual.   From the moment that he becomes forever young he begins to deteriorate.   Even once he reached his epiphany and saw his evil through the portrait he simply denied seeing it and continued his malicious deeds.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characterisation of the book is one of the most important elements of this book.   Dorian begins by being a very naà ¯ve lad.   He is very easily influenced by others especially his two new good friends; Basil and Lord Henry. Basil, the painter of the portrait, influenced Dorian in more of a good, honest way.   While Lord Henry, although not being evil himself, gave him a more evil insight on life.   Both of them changed his life forever.   How little they both knew what went on inside that man.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Basil does not have any real direct influence on the youngster; without

Communications Between Parents and Children Essay example -- Communica

Healthy family relationships depend on healthy communications. â€Å"Good communication helps keep a family running smoothly and prevents misunderstandings from escalating into conflict or from being buried unresolved.† (Feiden, 68) There are many ways and times to practice and teach good communication to children. There are many times that without good communication, the parent-child relationship suffers and sometimes ends abruptly. Allen Schwartz, PH.D., states that he knows of â€Å"many cases where children are raised in an atmosphere of dark secrecy about both the matriarchal and patriarchal parts of their families. They grow up with a sense that something must be wrong but fear discussing this with their parents.† (5) Most people have grown up with family secrets, but some secrets can destroy a family. The act of hiding the secret(s) provides an excuse to limit self-disclosure, and reacts negatively on one’s self-esteem. When these become extremely limited or negative, there is an increased chance of a separation and possible ending of the relationship. The end of the relationship could mean that parent and child no longer talk, or they are forcibly separated for their own health in extreme cases. Unfortunately, â€Å"emotional health can be passed down from generation to generation just as easily as abuse and dysfunction,† (Bloch, 7) making such dysfunctions of communications a continu ous process. Sturges writes â€Å"children will learn how to communicate with the world based in large part on how they have learned to communicate with their parents.† (31) Children often learn their communication behaviors not only from what we say but also from our actions. For example, If you tell your child that they can talk to you about anything, but y... ... their minds. It is important for the parent to respect their wishes and let them know that they will be available when the child is ready to talk and that you won’t be judgmental. Let the child tell the whole story before interceding with your thoughts. There are also instances where the child won’t want your opinion; they just want you to listen to their problems. This can be tricky to know whether the child wants your opinion or your ears but if you are actively listening to your child, you will know what it is that they are wanting. Remember, good communication is the heart of everything you do in life. Without good communication skills, things won’t get done properly and could cause hurt relationships. Learning these communication skills begins at home from the day that the child is born and should be continued into adulthood and for the rest of their lives.

Stem Cell Research Essay -- Argumentative Science Scientific Essays

Stem Cell Research Imagine a world where every day scientists create human beings, cultivate them for a week, and then destroy them. This scenario sounds vaguely familiar to the creation of Frankenstein in Mary Shelley’s book Frankenstein. The difference between the creation of Frankenstein and the creation of human beings is that the latter has already become true as scientist are creating and destroying embryos. Scientist today even in the United States are creating human embryos and then destroying them when performing stem cell research, but the government does not fund these scientists. Now think of a loved one suffering from Alzheimer’s disease or paralysis. Would you deny them a life without suffering if the cure for the disease could be obtained by performing research on an aborted fetus already destined for destruction? It is my belief that scientists should be able to do stem cell research within carefully defined moral parameters because this research is so promising to cure so many diseases and teach us so much about how our bodies work. However, embryos destined for destruction should be used for stem cell research rather than created embryos because there are several thousands of embryos that will be destroyed so it is not necessary to create more embryos and destroy them. Stem cell research remains highly promising in that â€Å"Animal research suggests stem cells may some day provide a way to repair or replace diseased tissues and organs† and it holds immense possibilities for cures of diseases such as Alzheimer’s, paralysis, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes (The Lancet par. 1). These are diseases for which scientists have been searching for cures unsuccessfully for several decades. Adults who were pa... ...ve that the government should fund tightly regulated stem cell research. It is completely unnecessary for scientists to create embryos to merely destroy; however, I fail to see the problem in using embryos destine for destruction for a greater good. These embryos have already be robbed of their life, so by being used for research they provide others with the blessing of a wonderful and healthy life. By federally funding research done on embryos, the society will not be continuing in the way of the complete degradation of society. The American people will benefit through the improvement of their health and the vast knowledge that they will acquire about their bodies and the way they work. Works Cited 1.Miller, John J. â€Å"Hard Cell: The Push To Experiment On Human Embryos.† The National Review. April 5, 1999. 5. Online. Infotrac Expanded Academic.

A Brief History of the Cheesecake Factory Essay

The Cheesecake Factory was founded by Oscar and Evelyn Overton. Evelyn first decided to open a business after making a cheesecake for her husband’s employer in 1949. Evelyn opened a small cheesecake shop in Detroit, Michigan, in the late 1950s, but later gave it up in order to raise her two children. She continued to supply cakes to several local restaurants through a kitchen in her basement. In 1972, Oscar and Evelyn Overton moved to the Woodland Hills area of Los Angeles where they opened a wholesale bakery in which they produced cheesecakes and other desserts for local estaurants. In 1983, the Overtons opened a second restaurant in Marina del Rey. By 1987 the Beverly Hills location had expanded into a 78-seat restaurant and was experiencing great financial success. This led to the opening of a third, larger location in Redondo Beach, which was eventually renovated into a 300-seat, 21 ,OOO square foot location. By the end of the 1980s, The Cheesecake Factory’s one-page menu had expanded and the restaurant offered additional fast-food and short-order items. On January 25, 2011, the company expanded into the Middle East in a partnership ith Kuwaiti retail franchising company M. H. Alshaya Co.. The 300-seat restaurant opened on August 16, 2012, at the Dubai Mall. This is the first location for The Cheesecake Factory outside of the United States. As of March 4, 2013, the Cheesecake Factory Inc. has four restaurants operating in the Middle East, one being located at the Dubai Mall and another at the Mall of the Emirates (both in the UAE), the third in The Avenues Mall, Kuwait, and the fourth in Beirut. [6] Plaza Las Americas in San Juan, Puerto Rico opened its first Cheesecake Factory in the Caribbean on August 28, 2013 Company Mission Statement Mission: To create an environment where absolute guest satisfaction is our highest propriety Vision: Through a shared commitment to excellence, we are dedicated to the uncompromising quality of our food, service, people and profit, while taking exceptional care of our guests and staff, we will continuously strive to surpass our own accomplishments and be recognized as a leader in our industry David Overton Chairman and Chief Executive Officer David Overton has served as our Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer since our incorporation in February, 1992. He co-founded the Company with his parents, Evelyn and Oscar Overton. Mr. Overton crea ed t the Company’s namesake restaurant and opened the first The Cheesecake Factory restaurant in 1978 in Beverly Hills, California. He grew The Cheesecake Factory@ into a national chain and created two other concepts, Grand Lux Cafe@ and RockSugar Pan Asian Kitchen@. Under Mr. Overton’s leadership, the Company’s revenues increased to $1. 8 billion in 2011, with The Cheesecake Factory leading the casual dining industry in average annual sales per restaurant of $10. 2 million. Mr. Overton’s professional honors include the International Foodservice Manufacturers Association â€Å"Silver Plate Award,† recognizing the most outstanding and innovative talent in foodservice operations; the â€Å"Executive of the Year Award† from Restaurants & Institutions Magazine; and the â€Å"MenuMasters Hall of Fame Award† from Nation’s Restaurant News, for his outstanding contributions to menu design and foodservice research and development, among many others. In 2012, Mr. Overton was named â€Å"Entrepreneur of the Year† in the Food Services category for the Los Angeles region by Ernst ; Young. This honor recognizes Mr. Overton for his demonstrated excellence and extraordinary success in innovation, performance and personal commitment to The Cheesecake Factory and the communities our restaurants serve. David M. Gordon PresidentDavid Gordon was appointed President in February 2013. Mr. Gordon Joined our Company in 1993 as a Manager and during his 20 years with The Cheesecake Factory, he held the positions of Chief Operating Officer, Regional Vice President, Area Director of Operations and General Manager. He currently serves on the Board of Directors for the California Restaurant Association. W. Douglas Benn Executive Vice President and Chief Financial OfficerW. Douglas Benn was appointed Chief Financial Officer in January 2009. Mr. Benn is a veteran of the restaurant industry having spent more than 20 years in management roles with restaurant companies. He most recently served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of RARE Hospitality International, which owned LongHorn Steakhouse and The Capital Grille prior to the company’s sale to Darden Restaurants in October 2007. During his ten years with RARE, Mr. Benn helped grow the company to over 300 units and over $1 billion in nnual revenues. Debby R. Zurzolo Executive Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel Debby Zurzolo was appointed Executive Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel in December 2003. Ms. Zurzolo Joined our Company as Senior Vice President and General Counsel in April 1999. From 1982 until Joining the Company, she practiced law at Greenberg Glusker Fields Claman & Machtinger LLP in Los Angeles, California. As a partner with that firm, Ms. Zurzolo represented our Company on various real estate matters and negotiated several of our restaurant leases. S Bytuglin President, The Cheesecake Factory Bakery Incorporated Max Byfuglin was appointed President of our bakery subsidiary in January 2006. He previously served as Executive Vice President of The Cheesecake Factory Bakery Incorporated. Mr. Byfuglin Joined our bakery operations in 1982 and worked closely with our founders, serving in nearly every capacity in our bakery over the past 20 years. Joshua Spears: General manager at dolphin mall location, been with the company for 20 years, started as a server/bartender, in Las Vegas Nevada, has a wife and 4 kids, currently doesn’t have any plans to move anywhere but always up to the change Adam Kaytes: Assistant General Manager, been with the company with 20 years, previously worked at 8 different locations, started as a server/bartender, single so always up to any change, currently my interenship supervisor. Gilberto Rodriguez: Server, its going to be 1 year that I been with the company on November 10, currently a server, I will finish school on December so my plans are to find a manager Job after that, previously worked at olive garden and BJ’s as a assistant manager, certified trainer, bartender and server. Location of the property: Address: 11401 NW 12th st, Miami, FL 33172 Description: The Cheesecake Factory serves much more than Just cheesecake! The Cheesecake Factory is a unique, upscale casual dining restaurant offering more than 200 menu selections including appetizers, pizza, pasta, seafood, steaks, salads, sandwiches and more. The menu also features specialty dishes like Chicken Madeira, Miso Salmon, Cajun Jambalaya Pasta and The Factory Burger. Save room for dessert! Try one of The Cheesecake Factory’s 50 delicious cheesecakes and desserts such as their White Chocolate Raspberry Truffle Cheesecake or their Godiva Chocolate Cheesecake, with a cappuccino or espresso. Products: Menu items include: appetizers, cheesecake, pizza, pasta, salads, sandwiches, seafood, steaks and more Competition: The primary competition for the cheesecake factory at dolphin mall will be Texas de Brazil, mainly because its across and it’s the only other fine dinning restaurant at dolphin mall, I personally would not consider pf changs directly competition because that is a completely ditterent style ot t and its not directly across the cheesecake building, honestly there is no directly competition to cheesecake at dolphin mall, but there is a restaurant called bJs brewer house that is relatively close and they have a retty similar menu to ours, this will be the only director competitor we will have in the zone. -Texas de Brazil. -Pf Changs. -BJs Brewer house. Outside dolphin mall the Cheesecake Factorys top competitors are Brinker International, OSI Restaurant Partners, Inc. , and Dine Equity, Inc. Brinker International is a U. S. based company, with over1800 res taurants in 24 countries and has a presence in the Middle East already. Subsidiaries include: Chili’s, Romano’s Macaroni Grill, Maggiands Little Italy and On the Border Mexican Cantina and Grill. Unlike The Cheesecake Factory, Brinker International keeps its company active through cquisitions and partnerships for restaurant locations. A poorly performing Bennigan’s restaurant might become a new Chili’s restaurant. Brinker’s does not appear to be operating at a level of stability across its subsidiaries, either. The most recent Datamonitorreport on the company highlights much selling off of their brands (Datamonitor, 2010). The constant activity leads one to believe the company is less viable than its competitors in spite of staggering revenues and operating profits Company Culture: The Cheesecake Factory created the upscale casual dining segment in 1978 with the pening of our first restaurant in Beverly Hills, CA. And even with over 160 restaurant locations now in the U. S. , we’re Just as original today as we were when we first opened! In addition to The Cheesecake Factory restaurants, the company also operates two bakery production facilities that produce over 60 varieties of quality cheesecakes and other baked products. We know that outstanding people make it all happen. Each individual’s efforts and skills are necessary to the success of our company as a whole. As a staff member, we will invite you to share our company ission, â€Å"To Create an Environment Where Absolute Guest Satisfaction is our Highest Priority†. And our company values will guide your daily actions and ensure that the work environment and company culture is filled with memorable moments. Manager Style: There are a few types of manager styles, I think Adam is the perfect manager, he has a perfect balance for everything, here is a perfect description of him: The Perfect Manager This manager is popular with both staff and guests. This manager works hard to create solid relationships with staff members without becoming too close. Understands the challenges of the daily â€Å"show’ of making sure that all the parts come together properly to insure a quality guest experience. Master of the task related issues and can get them done in a quarter of the time of other managers. This management type keeps a light demeanor on the tloor while at the same time working to insure staff compliance to service standards and quality presentation of the food. Has a great knowledge of regulars and would be regulars and spends time cultivating relationships with the guests in order to insure their return visit. This anager can operate almost independently because their goals are aligned with the company objectives and directives from senior management. Perfect managers can become frustrated when the demands of the Job exceed their ability to complete the objectives in a timely manner. This can cause frustration for the manager and periods of unproductive performance. As a manager on a daily basis, it is tough to work long hours and handle innumerable problems without having it affect the quality of your work. You try to do the best you can and work to make the restaurant the best that it can be. Sometimes you sacrifice your personal well-being for the sake of the Job. Managers as a rule have a hard time separating themselves from what they do. A good management style of any kind begins with a manager that can take care of their emotional and physical needs outside the restaurant. They are emotionally healthy and happy with a positive attitude toward the Job and people they work with. Operational Controls At every Cheesecake Factory restaurant, a kitchen manager is stationed at the counter where the food comes off the line, and he rates the food on a scale of one to en. A nine is near-perfect. An eight requires one or two corrections before going out to a guest. A seven needs three. A six is unacceptable and has to be redone. The whole chain restaurant industry not Just the Cheesecake Factory uses an interesting system for minimizing food waste, which can easily become a burdensome cost: The chain-restaurant industry has produced a field of computer analytics known as â€Å"guest forecasting. † â€Å"We have forecasting models based on historical data†the trend of the past six weeks and also the trend of the previous year,† Adam told me. The predictability of the business has become astounding. The company has even learned how to make adjustments for the weather or for scheduled events like playoff games that keep people at home. The Cheesecake Factory’s ability to add menu items across its restaurants is similarly impressive. The company rolls out a new menu every six months that can feature upwards of a dozen new items. Regional and kitchen managers head to California for intense training that shows them not Just how to make the new dishes but how to train others back at the restaurants in their region. After observing the whole process, its rate of successful and scaled innovation, Gawande writes, â€Å"would be enviable in medicine, where innovations commonly spread at a glacial pace. Strengths and weaknesses: Their strengths include award winning customer service, an interactive website, fantastic desserts and an extensive menu of over 200items that evolves every six months to keep it fresh and exciting to customers. A significant opportunity in moving into an emerging market such as the United Arab Emirates is the prospect for increased revenue and profits for a restaurant of this caliber enteri ng in this new arket. One aspect that distinguished The Cheesecake Factory is how they specialized on their dessert product line and then built and drink product lines around it. By making abase, the company was able to add items and test recipes for success. Now they have a solid food line that is changed every six months to ensure the customers are satisfied. Diversity also ensures return visits because people want to try something new each time; it prevents people from getting bored with the food . When updating their menu, the Cheesecake Factory is also indful of health-conscious customers and has a very high-quality line of health- conscious foods Weaknesses The Cheesecake Factory must consider how the company’s values, ideals, vision admission, and goals will align with the new country. Cultural issues can be a major challenge when moving into a new country. The company must be 100% prepared to take on the culture, the cuisine, and any other conflicts such as dress codes or dietary customs. ome countries such as the United Arab Emirates older generations may be slow to embrace change or new cultures; they may be opposed to new restaurants or ven new menu items at a restaurant. This could pose a problem for the constant menu changes The Cheesecake Factory offers. The differences in tastes, beliefs and culture could potentially be a major challenge for this restaurant moving to the Middle East. The lack of nutritional information may also be problematic for this region, as people in different areas are sensitive to different foods and what are in the foods needs to be known as well as the caloric content of the food. As with the United States, all developed countries have become more aware of what they are eating and their health in general

Competitors of Honda

lacquerese machine atomic number 18 crossting to a greater extent and more than than favorite in these few decades. In 2007, Japan turned into the worlds largest fomite producer and became 1 of main players in international vehicle industry (Jeffrey hay 2009). For instance, Honda, a well-kno(prenominal)n Japanese vehicle producer, it is as well as one of the beat simple machine sellers in Malaysia. Honda Malaysia Sdn Bhd was born in 15 November 2000 as a result of the brass of partnership between Honda Motor Co. Ltd. of Japan, DRB-HICOM Berhad and oriental Holdings Berhad.It produces a round-eyed range of point of intersection besides gondola, motorcycles, automobiles, power crops (such as motorboats), aircraft engines (HondaJet), mechanical man robot (ASIMO), fuel cell vehicles and solar films. The company promised to deliver highest customer propitiation to Malaysians than his rivals and holds the principles i) Respect for the Individual ii)The Three Joys (Soic hiro Honda 1951) iii) Maintaining a global viewpoint, we argon dedicated to proviso products of the highest tone yet at a reasonable price for worldwide customer satisfaction.The threesome delights were presented by Soichiro Honda, it consists of exult of get, joy of exchange and joy of creating. The Joy of buying belongs to the felicitousness of customers who bought product from Honda. Honda wishes their customer ordain be glad for buying their product. The joy of exchange belongs to the reseller of Hondas product. Honda hopes the product they sales talk is always in high type which generates profit for the reseller. The last joy belongs to the engineer. Honda. It refers to the happiness of an engineer when he manufactures a product which is high quality and valuable to the society.The three joys became motto of Honda since that. Honda Malaysia also strongly emphasizes its guideword The power of envis period which signifies turning woolgather to reality, a future with better engineering science and value. With a variety of gondola models, from the lower-priced metropolis to the higher(prenominal)-priced Accord, Honda could attracts people within all age groups and socioeconomic statuses. All potential buyers, disregarding of their social class, represented Hondas orient commercialise. Now, Honda Malaysia is in the top 5 vane which has the virtually rail railroad political machine sale in Malaysia. It is the winner for Putra brand award-silver since 2010, became one the most valuable brand in Malaysia.Honda tear down is the highest in New Vehicle gross sales Satisfaction for Malaysia Sales Satisfaction force Study in 2011. Other achievements ar Readers Digest Trusted Brands, Asian political machine Fuel Efficiency Awards and etc. These blazing performances above shows that Honda does try their best agree the promise made. On the other hand, Honda Malaysia does non like other businesses which however brook most concern on maximi sing the profit from the public. As a fragment of the society, it contri justes some of its profit to provide a better future for the next generation.For example, Honda dream fund was launched to provide aids to underprivileged students and their families with a chance to fulfil their ambition. Meanwhile, Honda Malaysia is also put int great effort in preservation of the environment. It had launched a programme which aims to harbor Sumatran rhinos from extinction. Business environment at present is changing rapidly In redact to sustain a business, it is very meaning(a) to understand the market place place and competitions. For Honda Malaysia, Toyota and Perodua ar ii of the competitors in Malaysia.First, Toyota is a reputed Japanese vehicle manufacturer which is set up by Kiichiro Toyoda on 1953. It is also one of the world largest car makers in the world. It produces wide range of car such as Van, MPVs, 4WD and etc. Toyota came into Malaysia on 1982, at that time it is n amed as Sejati Motor (joint endanger between UMW Corporation Sdn Bhd and Toyota Motor Corporation). On 1987, Sejati Motor changed its name to UMW Toyota . Sdn. Bhd. It stated its electric charge as i) achieve customer-first philosophy by delighting customer and manage good kinship with business partner. i) Deliver initiatory quality product that satisfies customer needs. iii) Contri exactlyes to society by preserving the environment and improve community function and etc. For Toyota, their motto is moving forrad, it means continuous improvement. Today, Toyota Malaysia is the third car brand with most market partake. Toyota and Honda has a spile of similarity, not only in terms of the place they originate but in terms market dumbfound for their product. They both are producing passengers vehicle as their main product. Moreover, they both focus on medium five-seat car. The Toyota Vios was ranked no. for the best 30 selling car models on division to may 2012, 13846 units had sold (5. 9% market dowery). Meanwhile, Honda urban center was rank no. 18 with 1971 of units sold (0. 8% market share). Despite the mechanical aspect, both cars share similar feature. For example, Anti-lock braking system (ABS), dual airbags, bole structure that reduce impact of set and etc. In terms of specification, Honda City is more superior. However, Vios is 7 times more than City in sales volume. On the other hand, Toyota holds 17. 4% of market share in the first half of 2012 and Honda only gets 3. %. Why such a capacious disparity does exist? It can be answer in two aspects. First, Toyota has cheaper selling price in general. Second, Toyota Malaysia was founded 13 historic period earlier than Honda. This would help Toyota get more loyal customer. Recently, both companies are putting more effort and attention in hybrid car. For example Toyota Prius and Honda Civic Hybrid. referable to the awareness of people about environmental issues, this new market is growing robust ly. found on the market share insure above, Toyota holds 13 % of the market share and 5% for Honda.In addition, statistical research made under shows that Toyotas market share has a declining trend, it dropped from 18% to 13%. These data are covering the gap between Toyota and Honda in term of competiveness is getting smaller and smaller. The Perusahaan Otomobil Kedua Sdn Bhd( Perodua), the local car maker is one of the competitors of Honda Malaysia. It was open in 1993, a joint affect company between Malaysian and Japanese partners. UMW Corporation Sdn Bhd , the partners of Toyota Malaysia is also the largest shareholder of Perodua.Their slogan is building car, people first. In put together words, they meant to be customer-centred. Currently, Perodua surpassed the first national car manufacturer of Malaysia- Proton Holding limited and gets the most market share. Their main product is small-sized car such as Viva and Myvi. The Myvi of Perodua is the bestselling car in Malay sia especially on the year to May 2012. As local car makers such as Perodua is younger equation to those outside car makers. To protect these sister industries, government give protection to them.They get massive subsidies, tax cut in exportation and government impose higher tax rate on external car. Thus, Malaysia are one the countries which has the expensive car price. These protections will go on until they are able to catch up those foreign competitors. So, these benefits do help Perodua a lot to be competitive. The main reason that Perodua is the competitor of Honda in Malaysia is the market share of cars in Malaysia, Perodua got the highest share in the market. As the fancy shown, market share of Perodua in Malaysia is 35% year to august 2012.Honda holds 5% in the market although Hondas automobile rescue higher quality of product than Perodua. agree to the market research, the bestselling car model in Malaysia is Perodua Myvi, get share of 15. 7% in the market in year t o May 2012, 36920 units was sold. As mentioned, Honda City gets 0. 8% of the market share. Due to the protection of goverment, Perodua is able to has a lower production cost. In coordinate words, Perodua beats Honda in term of price. The selling price of Myvi start from RM 43,912. 15, but for Honda City, it strat from RM85980.City is nearly 2 times more expensive than Myvi. As Malaysia is still a developing country, its income per capita is about 9000++ USD. Hence, many youngsters would put local car brand as their first choice. As mentioned above, environment tending is a critical issue now. mint nowadays are more select hybrid car. So far, Honda had already introduced two hybrid cars model, Honda Civic Hybrid and Honda get by Hybrid. In order to catch up the trend, Perodua started to develop their own hybrid car, Perodua Bezza. Perodua is showing their enthusiasm to become a world-class car maker.